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Vincent A. Ostrom (September 25, 1919 – June 29, 2012) was the Founding Director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, based at Indiana University and the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science. He and his wife, the economist Elinor Ostrom, made numerous contributions to the field of political science.

The Ostroms made particular study of fragmentation theory, rational choice theory, federalism, common-pool resources and polycentrism in government, basing much of his research on the work of early 20th century political economistsFrank Knight, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek. The Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization published a special issue, "Polycentric Political Economy: A Festschrift for Elinor and Vincent Ostrom", as the proceedings of a 2003 conference held in their honor, at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. Ostrom was the Arthur F. Bentley Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Indiana University at the time of his death.