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This work draws on a unique body of evidence from developing countries in the 1980s to assess how much trade liberalization has really taken place, what economic gains were expected and realized, and why the outcomes have varied from one country to another. Using a variety of data, the authorsexamine the political economy of trade liberalization and the interaction among trade and domestic reform, macroeconomic stability, and export development.

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Vinod Thomas

Vinod Thomas is Director-General and Senior Vice-President, Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) at the World Bank Group. He reports directly to the Board of Executive Directors and oversees the activities of the Independent Evaluation Group. 

He was formerly Country Director for Brazil and Vice President of the World Bank, a position that he held from October 2001 to July 2005. In this capacity, he managed the Bank’s large lending and non-lending portfolio in Brazil, helped shape the dialogue with the government and the Bank’s Brazil Country Assistance Strategy, and participated in key events with the government.

Prior to that, he was Vice President of the World Bank Institute (WBI), where he sharpened the Institute's focus and quality and expanded its mandate and impact. Before heading WBI, he held positions as Chief Economist for the World Bank in the East Asia and Pacific Region. He was the staff Director for the 1991 World Development Report, entitled "The Challenge of Development" which assessed the world’s development experience. He was also Chief of Trade Policy and Principal Economist for Colombia.

Vinod Thomas joined the Bank in 1976. He has a Masters and PhD in Economics from of the University of Chicago. He has taught at Vassar College and the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. He has written numerous books, reports and journal articles.

John Nash

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